A clockwork orange comparison of book and film Essay Example

A perfect timing orange correlation of book and film Essay Example A perfect timing orange correlation of book and film Essay A perfect timing orange correlation of book and film Essay A Clockwork Orange is a dyspepsia nightmarish dream of a not so distant future England, where adolescent criminals disregard the to some degree standing laws of society, and assume responsibility for the lanes after dull. The books primary character, multi year old Alex, and his three slobbers, occur altogether night demonstrations of irregular viciousness and all out devastation. This dim picture Burgess has introduced to the peruser depicts his perspective on what he accepted would be a conceivably acknowledgment of what could occur in a circumstance where youngsters become insatiable, free savages whom accept fun s causing tumult and frenzy and delivering merciless harm to others without thought. One of the significant likenesses between Anthony Burgesss contemporary novel and Stanley Kickbacks film of A Clockwork Orange is the translation of what the genuine significance of a precision orange is, which is significant in light of the fact that it is the reason for the whole story. In A Clockwork Orange, Alex is just a perfect timing orange, something mechanical that seems natural. By this I imply that in spite of the fact that Alex is human, and skilled to state and think whatever he picks, he can't, for in certainty he is peering toward utilized like a machine by the legislature, doing whatever they want with him. From the comparability between the understanding of what the genuine significance of a precision orange in both Anthony Burgesss contemporary novel and Stanley Kickbacks film of A Clockwork Orange comes the distinction in how the legislature demonstrates Alex to resemble a perfect timing orange, in the wake of having just finished the Ludicrous Technique. In Anthony Burgesss tale, they demonstrate Alex to resemble a perfect timing orange by indicating him certain peculiar pictures and asking him what he felt. In Stanley Kickbacks remarkable film, they demonstrated Alex to resemble a perfect timing orange by putting him on a phase with on-screen char acters and introducing it before the significant individuals from the administration. It would be ideal if you I should accomplish something. Will I clean your boots Look, Ill get down and lick them. (The film) This following entry is the thing that Alex said in Stanley Kickbacks film in the wake of having been kicked on the Guiltier by the on-screen characters boot, which shows Ales mechanical change into an accuracy orange. In contrast to the novel, the film was totally extraordinary in the second experience with the man whose spouse had been assaulted and killed by Alex and his skins. The man, having been beaten so severely in the main experience, was currently in a wheelchair, and joined by an immense, tough man whom helped F. Alexander do the things that he was unable to do in a wheelchair. Likewise, while Alex is offered a hot shower, he sang the tune Singing in the Rain, which he had sung during the primary experience with F. Alexander. Having sung this melody, the man without a moment's delay perceived and understood that Alex had been one of the punks that were there on the night he had been beaten, and his significant other assaulted. Additionally, having acknowledged after the shower that Alex was expansible for his wifes demise, he tranquilized Ales drink rendering him incapable to liable for having attempted to execute Alex by driving him to franticness to Jump out of the window. Another comparability in both Anthony Burgesss epic and the film of A Clockwork Orange is the utilization of the naiads language. The naiads language, which is jargon of the youngsters later on, (this is basically what might be compared to slang today), is essential to be in both the book and film in light of the fact that the language shows the contrast between the vicious adolescents and the scholarly gentry of this astigmatism future. Anthony Burgesss contemporary novel, A Clockwork Orange, and Stanley Kickbacks exceptional film, A Clockwork Orange, have numerous significant similitudes and contrasts. These similitudes and contrasts, in any case, help to form and adjust the film in a manner which shows an alternate perspective on the dyspepsia future. The book and the film both make and venture a similar message into the peruser or crowds head, which is the thing that will the world resemble later on and in any chance will it eventually wind up like Anthony Burgess depicted.

Protective Equipment Is to Reduce Employee Exposure to Hazards Essay

Fire is the fast oxidation of a material in the exothermic concoction procedure of ignition, discharging warmth, light, and different response products.[1] Slower oxidative procedures like rustingor assimilation are excluded by this definition. The fire is the noticeable bit of the fire. On the off chance that hot enough, the gases may get ionized to deliver plasma.[2] Depending on the substances land, and any polluting influences outside, the colorof the fire and the fire’s power will be unique. Fire in its most regular structure can bring about blaze, which can possibly cause physical harm through consuming. Fire is a significant procedure that influences environmental frameworks over the globe. The constructive outcomes of fire incorporate invigorating development and keeping up different biological frameworks. Fire has been utilized by people for cooking, creating warmth, flagging, and drive purposes. The negative impacts of fire incorporate water tainting, soil disintegra tion, barometrical contamination and risk to human and creature life.[3] | Fire Technology is a companion checked on scholarly diary distributing logical research managing the full scope of genuine, conceivable, and potential fire risks confronting people and the environment.[1] It distributes unique commitments, both hypothetical and experimental, that add to the arrangement of issues in fire wellbeing and related fields. It is distributed bySpringer related to the National Fire Protection Association.[2] Arson[1] is the wrongdoing of purposefully and malignantly burning down structures, wildlandareas,[2] cars[3][4] or other property with the plan to cause harm. It might be recognized from different causes, for example, sudden ignition and characteristic out of control fires. Incendiarism frequently includes fires intentionally set to the property of another or to one’s own property as to gather protection compensation.[5] Warmth In material science and science, heat is vitality moved starting with one body then onto the next by warm interactions.[1][2] The exchange of vitality can happen in an assortment of ways, among them conduction,[3] radiation,[4] and convection. Warmth isn't a property of a framework or body, however rather is constantly connected with a procedure or something to that affect, and is equal with heat stream and warmth move. Warmth stream from more sweltering to colder frameworks happens precipitously, and is constantly joined by an expansion in entropy. In a warmth motor, interior vitality of bodies is bridled to give valuable work. The second law of thermodynamicsprohibits heat stream straightforwardly from cold to hot frameworks, however with the guide of a warmth siphon outer work can be utilized to ship interior vitality in a roundabout way from a cold to a hot body. Moves of vitality as warmth are plainly visible procedures. The starting point and properties of warmth can be compreh ended through the factual mechanics of tiny constituents, for example, atoms and photons. For example, heat stream can happen when the quickly vibrating atoms in a high temperature body move a portion of their vitality (by direct contact, radiation trade, or different instruments) to the more gradually vibrating particles in a lower temperature body. Oxygen is a concoction component with image O and nuclear number 8. Its name gets from the Greek roots á ½â‚¬Ã® ¾Ã¯ Ã¯â€š (oxys) (â€Å"acid†, truly â€Å"sharp†, alluding to the harsh taste ofacids) and - ÃŽ ³Ã¯Å"î ½Ã® ¿Ã¯â€š (- gî ¿nos) (â€Å"producer†, truly â€Å"begetter†), in light of the fact that at the hour of naming, it was erroneously felt that all acids required oxygen in their arrangement. Atstandard temperature and weight, two particles of the component tie to frame dioxygen, a dreary, unscented, boring diatomic gas with the recipe O2. This substance is a significant piece of the environment, and is important to support most earthly life. A fire quencher, fire douser, or basically a douser, is a functioning fire security gadget used to smother or control little flames, regularly in crisis circumstances. It isn't planned for use on a wild fire, for example, one which has arrived at the roof, imperils the client (i.e., no way out course, smoke, blast risk, and so forth.), or in any case requires the skill of a local group of fire-fighters. Regularly, a fire douser comprises of a hand-held round and hollow weight vessel containing a specialist which can be released to stifle aflame. Fire anticipation is an element of many local groups of fire-fighters. The objective of fire counteraction is to teach general society to avoid potential risk to forestall conceivably destructive flames, and be instructed about enduring them. It is a proactive strategy for lessening crises and thedamage brought about by them. Many local groups of fire-fighters have a Fire Prevention Officer.In the general feeling of forestalling unsafe flames , numerous viewpoints are examined in the articles Fire security and Fire wellbeing. Fierce blaze concealment alludes to the firefighting strategies used to smother out of control fires. Firefighting endeavors inwildland regions requires various strategies, hardware, and preparing from the more recognizable structure firefighting found in populated zones. Working related to extraordinarily structured firefighting airplane, these out of control fire prepared groups stifle blazes, build firelines, and quench flares and zones of warmth to secure assets and regular wild. Rapidly spreading fire concealment likewise addresses the issues of the wildland-urban interface, where populated zones fringe with wildland regions. Firewall may allude to: * Firewall (development), an obstruction inside a structure or vehicle, intended to constrain the spread of fire, heat and auxiliary breakdown * Firewall (car), the piece of the vehicle that isolates the motor from the driver and travelers * Firewall (figuring), an innovative boundary intended to forestall unapproved or undesirable correspondences between PC systems or hosts * Firewall (Physics), an impact of Hawking Radiation seen by a uninhibitedly falling onlooker after intersection the skyline of a dark opening. Firetrap firetrap is a British apparel organization, established in 1991,[1] having some expertise in premium menswear and adornments. It is the principle brand inside the WDT organization (World Design and Trade), which likewise claims its sister image Fullcircle alongside past brands SC51 and Sonnetti. Firetrap is solidly settled universally and is sold in more than 30 countries[2] and 1,500 stores around the world. There are eight independent stores in the UK: a Covent Garden store in London and others in Belfast, Liverpool, Leeds, EdinburghWestfield[disambiguation needed], Sheffield and Nottingham (2010).[3] The brand is a key player worldwide with another store in Dubai and concessions all through Europe including Italy, Germany and France. Blaze A fire or a burst is an uncontrolled consuming that compromises human life, creature life, wellbeing, or property. A blaze can be incidentally started, normally caused (fierce blaze), or purposefully made (illegal conflagration). Illegal conflagration can be cultivated with the end goal of treachery or preoccupation, and furthermore can be the result of arsonist tendencies. During fire the property is harmed or obliterated by fire. Here and there the fire creates a firestorm, wherein the focal segment of rising warmed air prompts solid internal breezes, which gracefully oxygen to the fire. Fires can bring about setbacks, passings, or wounds from smoke inward breath orburns. Burning Ignition (pron.:/ké™mëˆbêÅ"s.têÆ'é™n/) or consuming is the arrangement of exothermic synthetic responses between a fuel and an oxidant joined by the creation of warmth and transformation of concoction species. The arrival of warmth can create light as either gleaming or ablaze. Energizes of intrigue frequently incorporate natural mixes (particularly hydrocarbons) in the gas,liquid or strong stage. In a total ignition response, a compound responds with an oxidizing component, such asoxygen or fluorine, and the items are mixes of every component in the fuel with the oxidizing component. For instance: CH4 + 2 O2 â†' CO2 + 2 H2O + vitality A basic model can be found in the ignition of hydrogen and oxygen, which is an ordinarily utilized response in rocket motors: 2 H2 + O2 â†' 2 H2O(g) + heat The outcome is water fume. Complete burning is practically difficult to accomplish. As a general rule, as genuine ignition responses come to balance, a wide assortment of major and minor species will be available, for example, carbon monoxide and unadulterated carbon (residue or debris). Moreover, any burning in environmental air, which is 79 percent nitrogen, will likewise make a few types of nitrogen oxides. Fire point The fire purpose of a fuel is the temperature at which it will keep on consuming for in any event 5 seconds after start by an open fire. At theflash point, a lower temperature, a substance will touch off quickly, however fume probably won't be delivered at a rate to support the fire. Most tables of material properties will just rundown material glimmer focuses, however when all is said in done the fire focuses can be thought to be around 10  °C higher than the blaze focuses. Be that as it may, this is not a viable replacement for testing if the fire point is wellbeing basic. Degree Celsius Celsius, otherwise called centigrade,[1] is a scale and unit of estimation for temperature. It is named after the Swedish space expert Anders Celsius (1701â€1744), who built up a comparable temperature scale. The degree Celsius ( °C) can allude to a particular temperature on the Celsius scale just as a unit to demonstrate a temperature interim, a contrast between two temperatures or anuncertainty. The unit was referred to until 1948 as â€Å"centigrade† from the Latin centum deciphered as 100 and gradus interpreted as â€Å"steps† From 1743 until 1954, 0  °C was characterized as the point of solidification of water and 100  °C was characterized as the breaking point of water, both at a weight of one standard environment with mercury being the working material. Despite the fact that these characterizing connections are regularly instructed in schools today, by worldwide understanding the unit â€Å"d

A Spacious Yet Cozy Home Designed For Book Lovers And Cats Critical Linking, November 12, 2017

A Spacious Yet Cozy Home Designed For Book Lovers And Cats Critical Linking, November 12, 2017 Sponsored by Renegades by Marissa Meyer. Designed by  the  Barker Freeman Design Office  (BFDO), it reflects the personalities of its inhabitants, and it is easy to see that the people living in it are huge book loversâ€"there are shelves of books in almost every room, including the kitchen. The space  has also been designed to accommodate the needs of its feline residents, two “shy but inquisitive cats.” The continuous ledge above the bookshelf in the living area is the perfect place from which they can people-watch, while specially created trapdoors allow them to move up to the second floor. The search is over. Ive found my dream book-and-cat space.   ____________________ Last month, the Turkish Statistical Institute announced that the number of public library memberships in Turkey increased by 24.1 percent in 2016, compared to the previous year. In a time of terror, political uncertainty, and a coup attempt, Turks took refuge in libraries. Some Istanbul libraries owe their existence to taxes; others to banks; one to an English monarch. SALT is located in the previous headquarters of the Ottoman Bank, which was founded in 1856 on the orders of Queen Victoria, a friend of the westernizing Sultan Abdulmecid.  The building opened at a time when Turkish-British commercial ties were at their peak. Today, its library houses 110,000 books. Last year, it served more than 47,000  readers. This piece on Istanbuls libraries is totally fascinating, especially the part about the role of banks in keeping them going.   ____________________ The futuristic five-story library occupies an area of 33,700 square meters and is filled with 1.2 million books in a space straight out of a sci-fi novel, which even includes a gigantic eye. A feast for the eyes of hungry readers.   ____________________ Both are quick to acknowledge that PAL is not the first or only library of its kind. Catedral points to friends whose work she is inspired by, such as the  Feminist Library on Wheels  and the  Free Black Women’s Library. PAL is currently showing alongside both as part of the 25 libraries invited by  Wendy’s Subway Reading Room’s exhibit at the Brooklyn Academy of Music. When they’re not showing at exhibitions, PAL has a “home on the Internet.” Policarpio noted that while this initially sparked some confusion from people who wanted to visit the library, PAL’s  social media accounts  allow them to interact with interested readers. “People are like, ‘Oh there are Filipino writers? There’s Filipino literature?’ People can go their entire lives without reading Filipino literature that we were so fortunate to have,” Policarpio said. A pop-up library meant to showcase Filipino-American literature? Sounds brilliant.   Sign up to Today In Books to receive  daily news and miscellany from the world of books. Thank you for signing up! Keep an eye on your inbox.

Police Brutality Is Very Today s Society - 866 Words

Police brutality is extremely prevalent in today’s society. Police brutality is a police officer deliberately using excessive force, psychological attacks, and verbal abuse during law enforcement activities with the population. This unjust brutality is fueled from law enforcement taking action based on emotion or abusing the authority that has been given to them from the government. These actions are causing people, primarily minority groups, to rebel against law enforcement, and inexcusably create more violence in communities. Even in my community, Chicagoans have furiously vocalized and in some cases have used violence in hopes that police brutality cease. How is this a social problem? Subjectively, the population is concerned for their kids, and their own well-being while interacting with a police officer. Others are dissatisfied with how police officers are exploiting their authority. From an objective standpoint, the statistics of police brutality is undeniable. Accordi ng to Dr. Victor Kappler, the Dean of the School of Justice Studies at the University of Eastern Kentucky, he states that â€Å"According to the report, between 2003 and 2009 at least 4,813 people died in the process of being arrested by local police†. During his research, Kappler also found that out of 2876 deaths that were classified as â€Å"homicides†, 57.1 percent of those people who died were people of color. This violence has affected a mass of people; therefore, police brutality is a social problem thatShow MoreRelatedPolice Brutality Is An Extremely Serious Offence885 Words   |  4 Pagesthe police for help,Considering their job is to protect you at all times. But, who Do you call when it s a police officer abusing his authority? Who do you call when the peacemakers are disturbing your peace and just adding to the crime rates in America? Police brutality is a crime very much present in today s society just as it was present during the civil rights movements of the 1960’s and years after that . It is a very big issue in our highly populated cities in america. Police brutality isRead MorePolice Brutality And Its Effects1173 Words   |  5 Pages Police Brutality There are two type of police brutality, verbal and physical. The first type of police brutality is verbal abuse which can happen anytime when the police officer is doing a routine traffic stop. Sexual comments is a form of verbal abuse. Another type of police brutality is physical. Police brutality is when law enforcement uses excessive force when dealing with a civilian. Excessive force means well beyond what would be necessary to handle to situation, you don t want to getRead MoreThe Conflict Of Police Brutality And Racial Profiling858 Words   |  4 Pagesprominent conflict of African American males and police officials in Western nations, focusing directly on the American South. In the late 1920’s African Americans in the U.S.A, were hopeful that their struggle against racism was nearing a successful conclusion with the start of the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People). For many years, especially for people not of colour, racism, racial d iscrimination and police brutality were â€Å"hidden† from the mainstream media. ThoughRead MorePolice Officer And The Criminal Justice System Essay960 Words   |  4 PagesWhen you hear the words ‘police officer’, what is the first thing that comes to mind? The people that protect us from the bad guys, right? Well, that might be the stereotypical answer, but is that really what we all think? Most would agree that in today s society, the words do not have the same positive correlation anymore. It is actually almost the complete opposite. Police officers and others in the criminal justice system have created a poor reputation for themselves from the actions they haveRead MorePolice Brutality1519 Words   |  7 Pagespast five centuries, black people have endured violence in many different ways. Today, police officers use deadly, excessive force that leads to inexcusable assaults, beatings and shootings. This demonstrates the governmentÐ ¢s role in initiating an d prolonging racial suppression and provides the explanation for police brutality to become a federal crime(Black Radical Congress, 3). In history, racist violence, police brutality, has been used to suppress the racial blacks and to preserve power and privilegesRead MoreSocial Media And Its Impact On Society890 Words   |  4 PagesIn recent years, it s become rather common to turn on the television, log into Facebook, or use some other form of social networking and see a plethora of breaking news headlines regarding excessive violence used by police officers. The general American populous turn on the news after dinner on a nightly basis, and learn of horrific stories where officers are continuously abusing their authoritative powers. Because of an ever growing role of social media coverage in our lives, we are impressedRead MorePolice Brutality Today s Media1626 Words   |  7 PagesPolice Brutality What do most people think of the topic of police brutality? More than once, images and stories of minorities civil rights being taken away become the topic of conversation. It is heart wrenching to see these videos and hear these stories of police brutality in today’s media. Every day there seems to be another headlining case on the topic of police brutality. Police brutality isn’t just law enforcement officers abusing the power granted to them; however, it is a much larger issueRead MoreBlack Life Matter Vs. Black Lives Matter894 Words   |  4 Pagesdiscussing today is All Lives Matter vs. Black Lives Matter. The slogan â€Å"Black Lives Matter† came into use during the Martin vs. Zimmerman case, when Mr. Zimmerman was acquitted for the killing of Trayvon Martin, an African American teenager. After this case,there appeared to be a large amount of police brutality cases against African American, furthermore pushing activists to speak out against the racial p rofiling and racism. Even more recently, there have been suspected police brutality cases againstRead MoreThe Black Eyed Peas Released A Single Titled, Where Is The Love?1630 Words   |  7 Pagescrimes all trace back to asking where is the love? Emotions evoked light to what officials wanted to bury, and with a new single similar to it, individuals are now being informed about the current social issue of police brutality. The purpose of this song is to highlight police brutality as a social issue, and how it causes problems with racism, violence, and discord. According to Will.I.Am he wrote this song to stimulate a detailed message to any listener who can distinguish right from wrong. TheRead MorePolice Enforcement And The Police1540 Words   |  7 Pagesword. The citizens look towards the police for protection and safety, so what happens when the police are the source of violence?Some people don’t believe that police are capable of injustice, but there is clearly enough cases of police brutality. Are police responding to situations with excessive or unreasonable force or are their actions reasonable? Some police officers have taken advantage of their power and abuse their place in the community, and society has come to fear the police.The justice

Reassessing Surrealism Constructivism and Postcapitalist...

Department of Politics, Stanford University 1. Contexts of economy â€Å"Society is responsible for sexism,† says Debord; however, according to Prinn[1] , it is not so much society that is responsible for sexism, but rather the dialectic of society. In a sense, Sartre suggests the use of postcapitalist appropriation to deconstruct capitalism. If one examines Lacanist obscurity, one is faced with a choice: either reject subcultural discourse or conclude that class has significance, given that the premise of constructivism is invalid. The primary theme of Humphrey’s[2] critique of Marxist socialism is the fatal flaw, and subsequent economy, of deconstructivist society. It could be said that Sontag promotes the use of subcultural discourse†¦show more content†¦Therefore, Baudrillard promotes the use of postcapitalist appropriation to read class. In the works of Tarantino, a predominant concept is the concept of capitalist narrativity. The economy of constructivism prevalent in Tarantino’s Pulp Fiction emerges again in Jackie Brown, although in a more postdialectic sense. In a sense, Derrida uses the term ‘Debordist situation’ to denote a mythopoetical paradox. â€Å"Society is intrinsically used in the service of sexism,† says Lacan; however, according to McElwaine[4] , it is not so much society that is intrinsically used in the service of sexism, but rather the economy, and therefore the fatal flaw, of society. The main theme of the works of Fellini is the absurdity, and eventually the fatal flaw, of cultural sexuality. However, the subject is contextualised into a postcapitalist appropriation that includes culture as a reality. Debord uses the term ’subcultural discourse’ to denote the role of the artist as reader. It could be said that Pickett[5] states that the works of Fellini are reminiscent of Tarantino. Lacan suggests the use of postcapitalist appropriation to attack the status quo. Thus, Sartre uses the term ’subcultural discourse’ to denote a self-referential paradox. The primary theme of Hamburger’s[6] model of postcapitalist appropriation is the role of the observer as reader. Therefore, Foucault promotes the use of constructivism to modify and

Othello †Iago’s Deception of Roderigo Free Essays

In this passage, Iago is trying to persuade Roderigo that they both have a common enemy, Othello, and that they should work together in their revenge against him. Iago wants revenge because Othello gave the promotion of lieutenant to Cassio instead of him. Roderigo wants revenge because Othello is married to Desdemona, the woman Roderigo is madly in love with. We will write a custom essay sample on Othello – Iago’s Deception of Roderigo or any similar topic only for you Order Now The passage then ends with Roderigo leaving the stage, leaving Iago alone to recite a soliloquy, revealing his true emotions to the audience for the first time. In his first speech, Iago seems very controlling over Roderigo; he starts his speech by two consecutive gestures implicating that he is the superior character in the scenario. He starts by telling Roderigo how he feels towards Iago, â€Å"Thou art sure of me†, leaving no room for Roderigo to question him. This boldly tells the audience that Iago is the decision maker in this duo, as he is making an important decision for Roderigo, whether to trust Iago or not. Roderigo’s indecision has made him ‘weak’. Iago then immediately orders Roderigo to go ‘make money’, which further emphasizes Iago’s superiority. Iago then goes on to trying to comfort Roderigo with the orders and decisions Iago is making for him, in a sense, by showing him how they are both in common and want the same final outcome (that they both hate Othello and want him to suffer). â€Å"I have told thee often, and I retell thee again and again, I hate the moor†, Iago uses the words ‘again and again’ to emphasize and make clear and definite how much he loathes Othello, and then says ‘my cause is hearted’ to express how important it is for him to have revenge on Othello (he craves it deep down in his heart, hence it is hearted). Iago then proposes that he and Roderigo should work together in an accumulative effort to avenge against Othello, and continues to try and persuade him to trust him. He says ‘ if thou canst cuckold him, thou dost thyself a pleasure, me a sport’ to ensure Roderigo that he can help him in sleeping with Desdemona, which will bring great pleasure to Roderigo, and will be easy to accomplish for Iago, much like a ‘sport’. The word ‘sport’ is particularly interesting as, in my opinion, it makes Iago seem very wicked because it seems as if sabotaging relationships is a sport to him, an act that brings him joy and others sorrow. ‘For I mine own gained†¦. But for my sport and profit’, this sentence which Iago says in his soliloquy, suggests to the audience that Iago is a selfish or self-empowering person, meaning that he would not spend time or waste knowledge unless it somehow benefited him. In Iago’s soliloquy, it is the first time the audience gets to see how he processes the events of the play and how he thinks and plans his revenge against Othello. He reveals how he plans to turn Othello and Cassio against one another and, by doing so, ‘eliminating two birds with one stone. This also stimulates a sense of suspense, as the audience is aware of the damage that will happen in the future but are not aware of how it will happen. During the soliloquy, Iago presents his two-faced character, which the audience by now will have suspected he has. After Roderigo leaves, Iago immediately starts his soliloquy by expressing how much of a fool Roderigo is, and how Iago is only using him as a sort of personal piggy bank. â€Å"Thus do I ever make my fool my purse†. This immediately makes it clear and obvious to the audience that Iago is not what he seems and what the other characters believe him to be, honest and loyal. This bluntly imprints Iago’s true personality into the minds of the audience. How to cite Othello – Iago’s Deception of Roderigo, Essay examples

Telehealth Service System Disease Remote Monitoring

Question: Discuss about the Telehealth Service System for Disease Remote Monitoring. Answer: Introduction: Within this report the telehealth service system has been discussed in detail. The report describes the parts of the system along with the functional requirement of the system. As per the diagram, the stakeholder mapping and the use case diagram of the system has been provided within the system. The telehealth system can be referred to as the system through the heath related issues of the patient can be address. For developing a telehealth system, the telecommunication and information technology is largely used (Parmanto et al. 2013). Stakeholder Mapping Through Four Quadrants: Figure 1: Stakeholder Mapping of the Tele Health System (Source: Created by Author) Questionnaire: In order to identify the additional issues which are associated with the telehealth monitoring system specifically developed five questions will be asked to the users. The questions will be effective enough to support the purpose of the analysis. What are the functionalities that the patients feel that needs to be integrated within the telehealth service? What issues the patients face due to unavailability of the desired functionalities? What is the overall view of each stakeholder regarding the system? Is there any data access related issues that the users are facing? Is the telehealth service is up and running 24*7? Use Case Diagram of Telehealth Services: Comprehensive description of the use case diagram: The description of the use case diagram of the telehealth services has been provided in the following section with sufficient details. Registration: The patients register their name for the first time within the system. They get a unique key after registering their name (Hsieh, Tsai, Chih Lin, 2015, p. S192). Login: The patient log in to the system with the specific unique key and the password. After logging in to the system, the patients can access all the authorized data. Health information: All the information those are associated with the patient health which is stored in the data base along with the name and outcome of the tests (Cancela, Pastorino, Arredondo Hurtado, 2013, p. 7495). Beds: The status of all the beads those are available in the healthcare will be in the system. The status can be categorized into two phases such as occupied and free. The information of the beds will be available in real-time. Tests: The doctors suggest tests to the patients. The name and outcome along with all the relevant information which are associated with the test will be stored in terms of each patient (Hsieh, Tsai, Chih Lin, 2015, p. S192). Check-up: The data, time, illness, patient, doctor and many more information will be stored regarding check-up. Invoices: The patients will receive invoices against their treatment. All the invoices consist of unique identity key. The invoices will contain the name of the patient (Galiano et al., 2013, p. 1). Custom measurement: All the custom measurement of the patient health will be stored which can be accessed by the patient and the administrator. Legislation and Regulation: Every state, city, locality has its own rules. The rules have to be maintained by the health care service provider. The system takes into account the job of managing the services while following these legislations. The detailed description of the health information use case: The health information of the patient in terms of the system is stored in the electronic health record or EHR. It can be referred to the paper chart of the patient but in the digital version. The test, treatment, illness, assigned-bed, visiting doctor and many more patients diagnosis related information is stored in the electronic health record (Hsiao Hing, 2012, p. 5). In terms of storing the health information of the patient, the electronic medical records could be the option. As the electronic health record stores the treatment history of the patient along with all the other aspects of treatment, the EHR is a way better option for storing the health information of individual patient (Charles, Gabriel Furukawa, 2013, p. 6). There are several advantages of using the EHR. First, patient care can be improved. Second, the information will be available to the patient, doctor and the administration in real time. Third, it is a unique advantage as it refers to more participation from th e patient. Fourth, the practices become more effective and cost efficient. Instead of all the advantages of the EHR the technology has some issues which are harming the healthcare (Hsiao Hing, 2012, p. 5). The healthcare is facing some issues regarding privacy of the patient information. Currently the telehealth service users are facing the issue called data loss. This issues has made the user frustrated and disappointed on using the services. Functional requirements: In terms of the system the functional requirements are as following. Registration: The patients will be registering their name while using the service for the first time. A unique id will be provided to them through which they can access their information until the treatment ends. Login: In order to access the health related information, the patients must log in to the system with the unique key and password which they got at the time of registration. Checkout: If the patients treatment is competed or they do not intend to use the service any more, their authority to access the information is cancelled by deleting their account. If the patient was occupying a bed then bed will be added to the available bed. Report generation: The reports on the patient information is generated and provided to the administration and doctors. Database: All the relevant information of all the stakeholders is stored in the database. The patient information is updated with the as the treatment continues. Conclusion: From the above study it can be concluded that the telehealth service system is a sound solution for facilitating the process of the healthcare. However, the system is not working sufficiently. As per the requirement of the users of the telehealth service, the system has to be more effective and efficient. The system must be able to provide the information of the patient health without any data loss. The stakeholder mapping assisted in recognizing the factors that directly or indirectly affects the process of the telehealth service system. The use case case diagram was helpful in terms of identifying the relation of the stakeholders with the system. In addition to that, the use case diagram proved itself helpful for identifying various aspects of the system. The functional requirement described the portions which makes the system effective. References: Cancela, J., Pastorino, M., Arredondo, M. T., Hurtado, O. (2013). A telehealth system for Parkinson's disease remote monitoring. The PERFORM approach. In2013 35th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)(pp. 7492-7495). IEEE. Charles, D., Gabriel, M., Furukawa, M. F. (2013). Adoption of electronic health record systems among US non-federal acute care hospitals: 2008-2012.ONC data brief,9, 1-9. Galiano-Castillo, N., Ariza-Garcia, A., Cantarero-Villanueva, I., Fernandez-Lao, C., Daz-Rodriguez, L., Legeren-Alvarez, M., ... Arroyo-Morales, M. (2013). Telehealth system (e-CUIDATE) to improve quality of life in breast cancer survivors: rationale and study protocol for a randomized clinical trial.Trials,14(1), 1. Hsiao, C. J., Hing, E. (2012).Use and Characteristics of Electronic Health Record Systems Among Office-Based Physician Practices, United States, 2001-2012(pp. 1-8). US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. Hsieh, H. L., Tsai, C. H., Chih, W. H., Lin, H. H. (2015). Factors affecting success of an integrated community-based telehealth system.Technology and Health Care,23(s2), S189-S196. Parmanto, B., Pulantara, I. W., Schutte, J. L., Saptono, A., McCue, M. P. (2013). An integrated telehealth system for remote administration of an adult autism assessment.Telemedicine and e-Health,19(2), 88-94. Bibliography: Al-alshuhai, A., Siewe, F. (2015, November). An extension of the use case diagram to model context-aware applications. InSAI Intelligent Systems Conference (IntelliSys), 2015(pp. 884-888). IEEE. Cutrona, S. L., Sreedhara, M., Goff, S. L., Fisher, L. D., Preusse, P., Jackson, M., ... Mazor, K. M. (2016). Improving Rates of Influenza Vaccination Through Electronic Health Record Portal Messages, Interactive Voice Recognition Calls and Patient-Enabled Electronic Health Record Updates: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial.JMIR research protocols,5(2). Jamoom, E., Beatty, P., Bercovitz, A., Woodwell, D., Palso, K., Rechtsteiner, E. (2012). Physician adoption of electronic health record systems: United States, 2011.NCHS data brief,98(July). Seidel, S., Recker, J. C., Vom Brocke, J. (2013). Sensemaking and sustainable practicing: functional affordances of information systems in green transformations.Management Information Systems Quarterly,37(4), 1275-1299. Singh, A., Sharma, E. S. (2014). Functional Test Cases Generation Based on Automated Generated Use Case Diagram. Sweeney, J. C., Danaher, T. S., McColl-Kennedy, J. R. (2015). Customer effort in value cocreation activities improving quality of life and behavioral intentions of health care customers.Journal of Service Research, 1094670515572128. Tiller, R. (2014). OCEAN CERTAIN FP7-ENV-2013.6. 1-1 Project number 603773 Deliverable 6.4 Report on the Stakeholder mapping and database. Van den Bogaert, S., Declercq, J., Van Leuven, S., Christiaens, T., Biltereyst, D., Bracke, P. (2015). Pharmaceuticals as solution for health problems: a stakeholder perspective. In29th European conference on Philosophy of Medicine and Health Care.

A Hermeneutical Critique on the Conquest and Occupation of the Land Belonging to Others from the Perspective of the Indigenous Peoples Essay Example

A Hermeneutical Critique on the Conquest and Occupation of the Land Belonging to Others: from the Perspective of the Indigenous Peoples Essay From the perspective of the indigenous peoples. Prepared by: Kyrshanborlang Mawlong, Lamjingshai and Friends Introduction: This study is an attempt to dwell upon the historical event in the ancient world of the Hebrew Bible. A familiar narration about the Israelite, taken into exile in Egypt, later, the episode from Moses up to the entry into Canaan under the terrific leadership of Joshua.This is a turning point for the history of the Israelites; this Meta happening have been usually considered as an important dates in records, conventionally it was interpreted as an act of victory. The main objective of this study is therefore to revisit the event from the other aspect. The Canaanites as indigenous indwellers of this captivated region. They were defeated under the influential forces which are foreign originated in nature. The paper starts with a brief biblical survey about the time when the Israelites, reached the promise land.A clear cut understanding about the term indigenous peop le is the next steps that follow. Salient features of the indigenous people were selectively highlighted. Categorizing the Canaanite as indigenous people is a careful consideration done here. Nearer to the end there is an application of hermeneutical critique on the settlement, but before that, since this is no longer a conventional interpretation, a brief preference for methods and approach were inserted. The discourse will be put in empty space without contemporary challenges, for this reason it occupy certain part before reaching the reflection.An attempt has been made to simplify all these in a comprehendible manner, though there are some unavoidable portions. 1. Summary of Israelite’s Conquest and Occupation of the Promise Land: Biblical Perspective: Some scholars they marked the events during the 13th century BCE; while N. Lemche, dates it to the 14th century BCE. This is a hint that the event occured somewhere around this period. The biblical accounts of the conquest c over four main areas: Transjordania, the Central Hill country, the Southern region, and the North. A summary of Israel’s conquest is made in the book of Joshua.Encamped at Gilgal, Israel was realistically prepared for Canaan as God’s chosen nation. Circumcision is a rite for the new covenant and of the promise God had made to bring them into the land. Entrance into the land was also marked by the Passover observance and cessation of the provision of manna. The people would henceforth eat of the fruits of the land. Joshua himself was prepared for conquest. By a theophany God imparted to Joshua the consciousness that the conquest of the land was not dependent solely upon him but that he was divinely commissioned and empowered.The conquest of Jericho was a sample victory. Israel simply followed the instructions of the Lord. The Israelites marched around the city seven times, the walls of the city fell and they could enter to take possession. Ai was the next objective for conquest. Assured of success, Joshua renewed his plans to conquer Ai. The enemy forces were lured into the open so that the thirty thousand men who had stationed beyond the city by night were able to attack Ai from the near and set it afire. The defenders were annihilated, their king was hanged and the site was reduced to rubble.When Israel makes its second attack, the people of Ai as well as the inhabitants of Bethel vacate their cities to pursue the enemy (Josh. 8: 17). Gibeon was one of the great cities of Palestine. When it capitulated to Israel, the king of Jerusalem was greatly alarmed. In response to his appeal other Amorite kings from Hebron, Jarmuth, Lachish, and Eglon formed a coalition with him to attack the city of Gibeon. Having made an alliance with Israel, the beleaguered city immediately dispatched messengers to appeal for aid from that quarter.By an all night march from Gilgal, Joshua unexpectedly appeared at Gibeon, where he defeated and routed the enemy through th e Beth-horon pass (also known as the valley of Ajalon) as far as Azekah and Makkedah. At Makkedah the five kings of the Amorite league were trapped in a cave and were subsequently dispatched by Joshua. Joshua then assaulted the well fortified city of Lachish and on the second day of siege overthrew this stronghold. Next Israel moved on in victory to take Eglon, from there the troops struck eastward into the hill country and beset Hebron, which was not easily defended.Then moving southwest they stormed and took Debir or Kirjath-Sepher. The conquest and occupation of Northern Canaan is very briefly described. The opposition was organised and led by Jabin, king of Hazor who had at his command a great force of chariot. A great battle took place near the water of Merom with the result that the Canaanite coalition was utterly defeated by Joshua. The horses and chariots were destroyed and the city of Hazor was burned to the ground. In summary the territory covered by the occupation forces extended from Kadesh-Barnea, or the extremities of the Negeb as far north as the valley of Lebanon, below Mount Hermon.On the east side of the Jordan rift the area which previously had been conquered under Moses extended from Mount Hermon in the north to the valley of the Arnon, east of the Dead Sea. Thirty-one kings are listed as having been defeated by Joshua, with so many city-states, each having its own king in such a small country. Through this conquest Joshua subdued the inhabitants to the extent that during the subsequent period of peace the Israelites were able to settle in the Promised Land. 2.Indigenous People; Understanding the meaning of the term: The term â€Å"indigenous† means natives, autochthonous people (Sons [Sic] of the soil), primitives, minorities, first nation or Fourth World, or Adivasis. Roy Burman quotes a U. N. working definition, â€Å"Indigenous populations are composed of the existing descendants of the people who inhabited the present territory of a country, wholly or partially, at the time when persons of a different cultures or ethnic origin arrived there from other parts of the world, overcame them, and by conquest, settlement or other means, reduced them to a non-dominant situation. Indigenous peoples, men and women, are the voice of the land, the voice of the water, the voice of the air. The indigenous peoples’ struggles for land and identity, farmers’ engagement for sustainable agriculture, action to curb climate change, and people’s initiatives to defend their rights, are just a few key examples for relevant and vital engagement. The Indian indigenous people includes: Adivasis (tribal), Dalits, Manipuris, Jarowa tribes of Andaman Island, Naga natives of Nagaland, Tharus of India and several others. Adivasis literally means original inhabitants.The indigenous people of India amount to about 63 million, they are overwhelmingly the largest group for any single country in the world, constituting 30 percent of the total indigenous population of the whole world. 3. Salient Features of the Indigenous People: Indigenous people in India or in any parts of the world are distinctive in their own way of life, their food habits, customs, traditional practices etc. However, in spite of several differences and uniqueness, following are only few of their salient features which can be taken for the discussion: . 1. Relationship to the Land: For indigenous people, the land is source of life a gift from the Creator that nourishes supports and teaches. They consider the Earth like a parent and revere it accordingly. â€Å"Mother Earth† is the centre of the universe, the core of their culture, the origin of their identity as a people. At the heart of this deep bond is a perception, awareness, an innate wisdom that all of life’s mountains, rivers, skies, animals, plants, insects, rocks, and people are inseparably interconnected.According to indigenous law, humankind can never be more than a trustee of the land, with a collective responsibility to preserve it. Indigenous people do not consider the land as merely an economic resource. Their ancestral lands are literally the source of life, and their distinct ways of life are developed and defined in relationship to the environment around them. Indigenous people know the extent of their lands, and they know how the land, water, and other resources need to be shared. They understand only too well that to harm the land is to destroy ourselves, since they are part of the same organism. . 2. Culturally and Religiously Uprooted: Indigenous cultures which are also known as tribal or primal cultures are generally marked by a transmission of rituals and practices, not by books, but through tradition, stories, proverbs, customs, rites and celebrations handed down orally and codes of behaviour. They are often customs and beliefs rooted in the family, tribe or clan, and aligned with a particular place, without any major central or national organization. They offer their followers a holistic approach to religion and life and pay much attention to the family and to parentage in all its stages.Above all, they inculcate a strong sense of the sacred and are normally so permeated with religious from the cultural elements in them. People belonging to indigenous cultures believe in a Supreme Being and give it different names: e. g. Creator, Unique and Supreme Spirit, Omnipotent, Uncreated King, Omniscient, Omnipresent, One who is above all visible things, the Heaven, the Sun, the Incomparable, Life, Being par excellence, the Transcendent, etc. There is also among them a belief in spirits who are inferior to God.These spirits are thought to vary in their attitudes to human beings: they may be terrible, wicked or vindictive; they may be capricious, or they may be merciful and protective. Ancestors are revered in indigenous cultures. Life has no end. There is no death in the sense of a separation from the clo se family members of the tribal community. Life is eternal. At death, a person joins the ancestors, undergoing a transition from the state of mortality to that of ancestral immorality. The family is highly treasured among the indigenous cultures.This sense of community is gained through the family, the lineage, the clan, the tribe. There is almost a feeling of a divine imperative that life must be given, life must be lived; life is to be long and peaceful: For this reason, many tribal societies have taboos and rituals to protect the divine gift of life. Old people are held in esteem. The community regards their wisdom as prophetic, i. e. as able to give direction for living in the present day circumstances. Religious beliefs and practices enfold the whole of life. There is no dichotomy between social or political or economic engagement and religion.Faith, morality and worship are there in indigenous cultures. Great value is attributed to the word which is uttered. The moral code is regarded as that which has been handed down by past generations and sanctioned by God through the spirits. 3. 3. Injustices: A Common Experience of the Indigenous People: Indigenous communities throughout the world are the extensive diversity as peoples and communities, but there is one thing which is in common they all share a history of injustice. Indigenous peoples have been exploited, tortured, enslaved and killed.Conquest and colonization have attempted to steal their dignity and identity, as well as the fundamental right of self-determination. Indigenous peoples rank highest on underdevelopment; they face discrimination in schools and are exploited in the workplace. In many countries, they are not even allowed to study their own languages in school. Sacred lands and objects are plundered from them through unjust treaties. National governments continue to deny indigenous peoples the right to live in and manage their traditional lands; often implementing policies to exploit the lands that sustained them for centuries.Over and over, governments around the world have displayed an utter lack of respect for indigenous values, traditions, cultures and human rights. 4. Canaanites as Indigenous People: Israel’s task in conquest Canaan, across the Jordan was a land of city states. There was no central government, but there were many cities, each with its own king. The cities were built to withstand siege for months at a time. These cities, too, could band together against a common enemy, as they did later against Joshua, in both a southern and northern confederacy.Besides this, the land was mountainous. Once past Jericho, Israel would be in rugged country most of the time, difficult in which to travel and manoeuvre for war. They didn’t worshipped only one God, but they worshipped many, whom they called Baalim. The Canaanites were mostly farmers, settled lives in villages and towns. They were cultivating wheat, olives and grapes. One festival was held in the early spring when the first of the new season’s crops was reaped, and this was called the Feast of First fruits. At this feast the people ate unleavened bread for a week.It took about seven weeks to get in the harvest and, when all the crops had been harvested, another feast was held. Moses and his followers left Egypt, and Joshua with a second generation entered Canaan. They were not alone. It was a time of change, of migration, of destruction and turmoil a dark age that ended 200 years later with the emergence of nation-states like Israel. It marked the effective end of the history of the Canaanites. The Israelites themselves are portrayed as aliens both in Canaan and Egypt in the so called historical credo.Houten observes that the perception of aliens among the Israelites changes. She said, â€Å"One may belong to a tribe or a city or district or a country and through history the primary group to which an Israelite belonged changed. † Hence, after all these one may observe from their cultural, agricultural, especially their closeness to the land and their manner of life, it may be right to state that the Canaanite by virtue are very much the indigenous people of that era in that area. 5.Biblical Interpretation from the Indigenous Perspective: In Search of Methods and Approaches: The Bible has been interpreted from various perspectives with the new form of reading and interpreting. The book of Joshua which is the selected text for this study cannot escape from this scholarship attempt. In this regard, the indigenous people are also having their own lens to look at, when Limatula Longkumer therefore said, â€Å"Employing western tools and its framework of interpretation without relating properly to the social location of the people (present context) does not help us much.Western methods of reading the Bible are too academic oriented and theoretical which the general reader finds difficult to understand. There is a need to formulate her meneutical tools from tribal perspectives-from the social location of the people. † In this connection, B. J. Syiemlieh proposition though explicitly for the North Eastern part of India, but this is very much applicable to the indigenous people elsewhere, he indicated that, there â€Å"†¦are problems of contextual interpretation in the context of Northeast India, the problem now shifts to the search for avenues and openings towards a meaningful interpretation.In this search, it may be prudent to go back to the process of identifying and describing the determinants in the process of interpretation of a text which are the text, the context and the reader or the interpreter†¦ Hence, the implied reader of the new literary criticism and social sciences can be taken as the principles and methods of contextual interpretation of the New Testament in the Northeast India. † 6. The Conquest and Occupation of Canaan by the Israelites: An Indigenous Interpretation: Histori cally, during the Pre-Critical criticism Joshua is read in the light of theology.In the Reformation reading it was read with the perspective that God’s historically dealings and covenant with Israel were both preparatory for and analogous to this dealing with Christians. Critical interpretations were no longer looking for Christian doctrines saw in the book rather as evidence of the historical emergence of Israel. Modern literary approaches draw attention into the discrepancy as having as function in the meaning of the book. Finally, Sociological reading understand Joshua, not as the history of an actual conquest, but as the delineation of cultural, ethnic and religious boundaries.Applying along with the indigenous methodologies mentioned above, it is necessary to focus on the biblical event, and in the mean time to re-read it. As indicated earlier, aiming at analyzing the conquest of Canaan critically from the hermeneutical point of view, applying the indigenous methodologic al propose ahead, it is an insightful excavation. At the same time, keeping in mind the entire salient features, and experiences of the indigenous people in general, the encounter of the Canaanites, following are few of the comparative results: 6. 1.Canaan: An Indigenous Land that Oozed Milk and Honey: Milk and honey were regarded as necessary and choice foods in ancient Israel. They were offered to guests and given as gifts. One wonders, do the soils of Canaan really qualify as â€Å"oozing milk and honey†? Archaeological evidence has indicated that Syro Palestine was in fact a fertile land. â€Å"Oozing milk and honey† is thus a favourite phrase or cliche for describing the fertility of the land. Egyptian texts described the abundance of the region as: â€Å"It was a good land Figs were in it, and grapes. It had more than water. Plentiful was its trees.Barley was there, and emmer. There was no limit to any (kind of) cattle Bread was made as daily fare, wine as dai ly provision, cooked meat and roast fowl, beside the wild beats of the desert and milk was used in all cooking†. For those who were landless slaves, being freed to a land that oozes milk and honey, was a life- long yearning. The emphasis might not be necessarily on fertility alone. It could also well be an emphasis on an ordered and stable normal life. So â€Å"oozing milk and honey† could be a traditional and proverbial phrase to describe the normal life of the chaotic life in Egypt and Babylon.Life in the Promised Land would be a life of, for, and with the land and with Yahweh. There would be land, there would be work, there be food, and there would be rest as well, and they would run their own course. Everything would be normal. This would be even more desirable and attractive than a mere fertile land. This is also a common hallmark of indigenous land in terms of soil fertility, which attracts foreigners to occupy their land. 6. 2. Land Displacement: The Israelite oc cupation of Canaan led to intermittent fighting over a long period as the quest for new territory xtended into the period of the settlement proper. According to Martin Noth, this process took almost two hundred years, from the second half of the fourteenth century B. C. This verifies the fact that when Israelite’s get inside the promise land, surely there prevails the displacement of the original inhabitants. They were divorced from their own land. Similarly, in different parts of India, the tribal’s have become the victims of big reservoirs, mega projects, wild life sanctuaries, mines, industries, etc.They are forcefully evicted from their ancestral land and often without proper compensation. They are simply ignored, silence and despised. For example, one lakh people are going to be displaced by the Sardar Savovar Project in Gujarat, 60-70% of whom are tribal’s. And around 1, 30,000 are expected to be displaced by the Narmada Sagar Project in Madhya Pradesh of whom 65-70% are tribal’s. Being improvised and disposed, people flee in large numbers to the cities and the towns to eke out their existence around slums and shanties in abject poverty and misery. 6. Resettlement: Consequently, when there is displacement and departure, the problem awaiting the indigenous Canaanite is that they have to relocate themselves by any means. This reinstallation will aggravate the chaotic circumstances lying ahead of them. Searching for a new settlement is not an overnight play. But it is a process that requires several probabilities and also time consuming. 6. 4. Occupational Alterations: Among these ‘indigenous Canaanites’ there were formed pastoral nomads from Transjordan. But, envisages a gradual settlement of various nomadic groups in the course of an occupational shift i. . transition to agrarian way of life. This is an open impact of the Israelites claimed for the land belonging not to them, but to others. As a matter of fact, the re appear occupational alterations during that time. They can hardly adopt the livelihood of the indigenous people in that region which they newly settled. So, there provoke an alterations from agrarian to pastoral, and reciprocally the same from pastoral to agrarian. 6. 5. Religious Assimilation: Religious opposition belonged to that context. The God of the Hebrews was very different from the Canaanite deities.The religion of the Canaanite peoples was a crude and debased form of ritual polytheism. It was associated with sensuous fertility-cult worship of a particularly lewd and orgiastic kind, which proved to be more influential than any other nature religion in the Near East. The principal deity acknowledged by the Canaanites was known as El, who was credited with leadership of the pantheon. The identification of this God with El of Israel must probably also be understood as taking place only gradually during the military stage.The Canaanites they didn’t worshipped only one God, but they worshipped many, whom they called Baalim (a Plural word), and they believed that each piece of land had its own baal who helped it to produce good crops. The baal could be worshipped only on his own plot of land, and if a person moved to another district he/she was compelled to offer worship and gifts to the baal of the district to which he had moved. But with the arrival of the Israelites, it was found that the Canaanites on the west bank were capture with a belief in a new God, Yahweh.This continue to spread to the other parts as well, it was interesting to see that the Hebrew slaves fought not only for their existence or for their â€Å"religion† but for their identity. While achieving this, the victims were the native people of the land whose religion will surely be assimilated under this brand new religious practises and ideas. 6. 6. Infiltration which leads to Imperialism: There is a pattern of peaceful infiltration which is confirmed by the biblical stor y of the Gibeonites and the absence of any battles in the central part of Canaan in the Joshua stories. As propounded by The German school of Albright Alt and Martin Noth.Unfortunately this placed the opponent of infiltration at risk; usually this is not the end in itself, because in most of the cases, learning from the indigenous people experiences, wherever there is an influx it mainly leads to imperialism. There may be numerous factors which contribute to the increase of migration from one place to another. It may be political, economical, sociological, and even religious for that matter. In India for that matter, for a contextual introspection, As S. P. Sinha comments that, â€Å"In fact Christian missionaries are there not for advocating a faith but for keeping imperialism alive. Therefore, it is important to remember that where there is infiltration, migration, influx the end point is imperialism, colonialism and other form of means in replacing those who settle in that place . 6. 7. Cultural Confrontation: In the words of A. R. Ceresko, concerning the biblical event of the conquest, it is visible that there is cultural confrontation during the conquest, when he said, â€Å"The opposition of Israel to Canaan was no mere ‘war of religion’ It was not simply one religion facing another. The conflict was cultural; it implied all the economic, social, political, and religious dimensions of culture.Another civilization faced the city-states. That political conflict implied a clash of totally opposite conceptions of society, of clan egalitarianism versus a hierarchical establishment, of mutual justice against royal absolutism, of concern for the poor rather than the imperatives of production and the preservation of social stability. † Incidentally, there is an alarming cultural confrontation, which ignites during the entrance of the Israelites. This is also very common for the indigenous people as pointed out before, when religion can never be separated from their culture or vice versa.Therefore, if there is any transformation in religion, their culture cannot remain untouched. Interestingly, in the same manner it happens for the Canaanites, their occupations have been shifted, their religion was under attacked these evidently signify that there can be demolition of existing cultural norms and practises. 7. Contemporary Challenges: The experience story of Indigenous/tribal is colonialism and post –colonialism, alienation, discrimination, uprooted from their own land, prejudice, and stereotyping.There were destruction of Indigenous culture and social system by powerful and elite people with no exception to the white missionaries. Globalization is a threat to the indigenous/tribal people. In the name of development government machineries took indigenous people’s land and resources away. Today there are numerous challenges. A journey to build the nation on secular ideal and it is our endeavour to provide a j ust and adequate society for all. But the situation in the realm of economic change and social life has brought attention to some crucial problems and difficulties.In spite of signal changes in certain sectors in our society, poverty and misery is the lot of a large number of people in slums and villages. A majority of them are Dalits, the victims of caste system. It is incumbent on the Church to involve in this struggle, especially since the Christian Church has begun a process of liberation of the Dalit. The Church should own it and declare unequivocally its commitment to the struggle of the Dalits. Suppression is the main problem facing the indigenous people till today.In the search for a fuller life, justice and equality and to project our identity and land, people are involved in various uprising movements. Since the dominant societies do not listen to the cries and do not recognize tribal’s with human rights and dignity, some people have gone up to the extent of armed s truggle, as a result of which many innocent people have been killed and properties have been lost. In a context where people are systematically oppressed people seem to see no alternative, except to involve in an armed struggle.The Policy Makers, instead of recognizing the movement as justice issue, try to suppress the movement by army rule. In the process, many tribal dominated places have been brought under many laws. Being empowered to shoot and kill; to enter and search and arrest any suspected person without warrant, many tribal leaders have been shot dead, while many fled to the forest for safety. Many villages were burnt down to ashes, not only once, but three to four times. Such human right violations go on and on. Many continue to live in tears, pain, fair and suffering.Silent tears of the heart crying for a just existence have become the air that people breaths in and out each day. Reflection: After all these, we find that this account of the Israelites taking over of Cana an, throughout decades, it has been classically interpreted only as the fulfilment of God’s promises towards his people. This may be well accepted before, but the experiences and development of biblical scholarship leads to the profound biblical evidences. Perceiving things in a different way is the outcome of such research data. We can see that it was an august time for the Israelite after a very long journey.The leadership of Joshua is an incredible achievement. When they reached this land, they try to figure out a place for permanent settlement. They started finding their own way of earning and living. This event is a dawn for the complete capture of this foreign land. They were supposed to be strangers and aliens in this place, but it is only a matter of time that they can fully remove and replace the native of this place. There is always a tendency to reject the picture and suffering of the people of this land, who had occupied this land for centuries.The Canaanite was d ismantled from their land; it is really a difficult time for them to be alienated from their very own land. The land which they spend most of their living, their resources have been abducted. They were scattered for the cause of others. Their rights upon their own land and properties have been subjugated. It is beyond imagination where, the people of the land were deducted of their ownership and close relationship to the land. Exactly, the same way they fall under the umbrella of indigenous people. Bombarded with the same hardships and struggling against the same hurdles.This infected even their faith, worship and thoughts. Ironically, there was religious controversy when these foreigners enter their land. Together with this their culture and indigenous practices were drifted and get carried, by something which they may never embrace before. It is not an easy time for them, to control massive infiltration and the agony is that they were suppress and unjustly treated. Conclusion: It is very important to find out related knowledge about the journey of the Israelite. This paper has no intention of justifying any side of the coin.But the only aimed is to revisit and portray some realities, which were hardly emphasized. As a matter of learning, this study opens the space for an in-depth research in this single field. Which may serve as tool to draw the scripture closer to those people, specifically those who were neglected, ignored and hardly visible in this circle like the indigenous people. This may bring the relevancy of the text to the context of the reader. Bibliography: Abraham, K. C. â€Å"Towards An Indian Christian Identity. † In Christian Identity and Cultural Nationalism: Challenges and Opportunities. Edited by E. C.John amp; Samson Prabhakar. Bangalore: BTESSC/ SATHRI, 2008. Anderson, G. W. The History and Religion of Israel. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989. Broadie, Elsie. The Chosen Nation; Book one; Founders and Leaders. Headington Hil l Hall: The Religious Education Press, 1968. Ceresko, A. R. â€Å"Potsherds and Pioneers: Recent Research on the Origin of Israel. † Indian Theological Studies, vol. 34 (1997): 11-20. Convillle, J. G. Mc. â€Å"Joshua, Book of. † In Dictionary for Theological Interpretation of the Bible, et. Al,. Kevin. J. Vanhoozer (Michigan: Baker Book House, 2005), 400-402. Dias, Ivan Cardinal. Identities, Aspirations and Destines of Indigenous Peoples of India. † In Understanding Tribal Cultures: for effective education. Edited Joseph Anikuzhikattil et. al,. New Delhi: Commission For Education and Culture, 2003. Fachhai, Laiu. The Land Must Be Distributed Equally: The Promise and Covenant Aspects of Land in the Old Testament. ISPCK: Delhi, 2009. Gunneberg, Antonius H. J. â€Å"Israel. † In Encyclopedia of Christianity. Edited by Geoffrey W. Bromiley, Vol. 2 E-I (Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2001), 766-771. Harrison, R. K. Old Testament Times. Massa chusetts: Hendrickson Publishers, 1970.Hnuni, R. L. The People of God in the Old Testament. New Delhi: Lakshi Publishers, 2012. Ignatius, Peter. â€Å"Interpretative Theories of Israelite Settlement. † In Jeevadhara: The Struggle for the Past: Historiography Today XXXII/187 (January 2002): 95-106. Joseph, Pushpa. â€Å"Indigenous Knowledge for Survival A Descriptive Enquiry. † In Jeevandhara : A journal For Socio-Religious Research XXXIX/ 229 (January-2009): 74-87. Kaiser, Walter C. A History of Israel: From the Bronze Age Through The Jewish Wars. USA: Broadman and Hollman Publisher, 1998. Legrand, Lucien. The Bible on Culture; Belong or Dissenting?Bangalore: Theological Publications in India, 2001. Libolt, C. G. â€Å"Canaanites. † In International Standard Bible Encyclopaedia vol. 1. Edited by Geoffrey W. Bromiley (Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1979), 4587-4591. Longchar, A. Wati. â€Å"Tribal Theology: Issues, Method and Perspective. â₠¬  In Journal of Tribal Studies, vol. 1 (December 1997): 76-80. Longkumer, Awala. â€Å"Experience of the Context: Socio-Political, Historical and Cultural Context of the Tribal. † In Critical Issues in Mission Among Tribals. Edited by Awala Longkumer. Nagpur: NCCI, 2011. Longkumer, Awala. â€Å"Voices of the Indigenous People. In National Council of Churches Review (March 2006): 50-56. Longkumer, Limatula. Tribal Feminist Reading of the Bible, Tribal Theology and The Bible: A Search for Contextual Relevance. Edited by Yangkahao Vashum. Jorhat: Eastern Theological College, 2011. Majhi, Murali Dhar. â€Å"Cultural Rights of Indigenous People. † In Social Action: A Quarterly Review of Social Trends vol. 60 (Oct-Dec 2010): 405-408. Raj, P. J. Sonjeeva. â€Å"The Call of the Indigenous People. † In Asia Journal of Theology vol. 10 (April 1996):62-66. Rhoades, B. L. The Old Testament. New York: Harper and Brother Publishers, 1960. Rojesh, Seram. Whither Indigenous Peoples and their Culture? † In Social Action: A Quarterly Review of Social Trends vol. 60 (October-December 2010): 360-366. Satterthwaite, P. E. and D. W. Baker, â€Å"Nation of Canaan. † In Dictionary of the Old Testament Pentateuch. Edited by T. Desmond Alexander and David W. Baker. Illinois: Inter Varsity Press, 1984, 598-605. Syiemlieh, B. J. â€Å"Contextual Interpretation of The New Testament in Northeast India: A search for Principles and Methods. † In Tribal Theology and The Bible: A Search for Contextual Relevance, edited by Yangkahao Vashum. Jorhat: Eastern Theological College, 2011.Temsuyanger, â€Å"Israelite Tribal As Resistance And Revolt Against Domination: Some Insights For Coalition Politics In Contemporary India. † In Journal of Tribal Studies, . XII/2 (July-December 2007): 74-89. Thanzauva, K. â€Å"Tribal/Indigenous Interpretation of the Bible: A Keynote Address. † In Tribal Theology and the Bible: A Search for Contextual Releva nce. Edited by Ynagkahao Vashum. Jorhat: Eastern Theological College, 2011. Vashum, Yangkahao. â€Å"Colonialism, Christian Mission and Indigenous: An Examination from Asian Indigenous. † In Journal of Theologies and Cultures in Asia, Vol. 7amp;8 (2008/2009): 74-79. - [ 2 ]. R. L Hnuni, The People of God in the Old Testament ( New Delhi: Lakshi Publishers, 2012), 38. [ 3 ]. G. W. Anderson, The History and Religion of Israel (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), 28-31. [ 4 ]. A visible manifestation to humankind of God or a god. [ 5 ]. Joshua sent an army of three thousand men, which suffered a severe defeat. Achan has sinned in the conquest of Jericho by appropriating for himself an attractive garment of Mesopotamian origin plus some silver abs gold. [ 6 ]. B. L. Rhoades, The Old Testament (New York: Harper and Brother Publishers, 1960), 95-100. [ 7 ].Modern Tell ed-Diweir. [ 8 ]. Hazor, which is excavated by an Israeli expedition under the direction of General Yigael Ya din, is located about ten miles north of the Sea of Chinnereth (Galilee) near the water of Merom (Lake Huleh) on a direct route between Syria and Egypt. Garstang (1926) identifies Hazo, the modern Tell-el-Qedah, as a typical Hyksos center. This large mound covers 25 acres. A huge enclosure, 2000 by 3000 feet, located to the north had an earthen wall around it about 50 feet high. This undoubtedly was the compound used by the Hyksos people for their horses and chariots when they maintained a strong kingdom around 1700 BCE. hat extended from Syria into Egypt. Since Garstang identified the destruction of Hazor with a date about 1400 BCE. and Yadin relates it to the thirteenth century, the ascertainment of the correct date will have to await further study. The last occupation of Hazor had an estimated population of 40000 Canaanites who extended the residential area to nearly 200 acres surrounding the city mound. [ 9 ]. B. L. Rhoades, The Old Testament , 95-100. [ 10 ]. Awala Longkumer, à ¢â‚¬Å"Voices of the Indigenous People,† in National Council of Churches Review (March 2006): 52-54. [ 11 ].Murali Dhar Majhi, â€Å"Cultural Rights of Indigenous People,† in Social Action: A Quarterly Review of Social Trends vol. 60 (Oct-Dec 2010): 406-407. [ 12 ]. P. J. Sonjeeva Raj, â€Å"The Call of the Indigenous People,† in Asia Journal of Theology, vol. 10 (April 1996):64-65. [ 13 ]. She connects them with their past (as the home of the ancestors), with the present (as provider of their materials need), and with the future (as the legacy they hold in trust for their children and grandchildren). In this way, indigenousness carries with it a sense of belonging to a place. [ 14 ].The idea that the land can be owned, that it can belong to someone even when left unused, uncared for, or uninhabited is foreign to indigenous peoples, they are holding land collectively for the community. [ 15 ]. Pushpa Joseph, â€Å"Indigenous Knowledge for Survival A Descriptive E nquiry,† in Jeevandhara : A journal For Socio-Religious Research XXXIX/ 229 (January-2009): 82. [ 16 ]. Ivan Cardinal Dias, â€Å"Identities, Aspirations and Destines of Indigenous Peoples of India,† in Understanding Tribal Cultures: for effective education, edited by Joseph Anikuzhikattil et. l. , (New Delhi: Commission For Education and Culture, 2003), 265. [ 17 ]. Seram Rojesh, â€Å"Whither Indigenous Peoples and their Culture? † in Social Action: A Quarterly Review of Social Trends vol. 60 (October-December 2010): 364-365. [ 18 ]. They believed that each piece of land had its own Baal who helped it to produce good crops. The baal could be worshipped only on his own plot of land, and if a man moved to another district he was compelled to offer worship and gifts to the baal of the district to which he had moved. [ 19 ].In those days there was no yeast to make bread rise when it was baked, they discovered that if they kept a piece of dough from one week’ s baking and allowed it to go sour, it would happen as this went on. If this went on it would make the bread unpleasant to eat. In order to break this chain and make a fresh start, week’s baking was done without the addition of any sour dough, and therefore the bread did not rise: it was ‘unleavened’. [ 20 ]. Elsie Broadie, The Chosen Nation; Book one; Founders and Leaders (Headington Hill Hall: The Religious Education Press, 1968), 71-73. [ 21 ]. C. G.Libolt, â€Å"Canaanites,† in The International Standard Bible Encyclopaedia vol. 1, edited by Geoffrey W. Bromiley (Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1979), 4589. [ 22 ]. K. Thanzauva, â€Å"Tribal/Indigenous Interpretation of the Bible: A Keynote Address,† in Tribal Theology And the Bible: A Search for Contextual Relevance, edited by Ynagkahao Vashum (Jorhat: Eastern Theological College, 2011), 20-23. [ 23 ]. Limatula Longkumer, Tribal Feminist Reading of the Bible, Tribal Theology a nd The Bible: A Search for Contextual Relevance, edited by Yangkahao Vashum (Jorhat: Eastern Theological College, 2011), 140-141. 24 ]. B. J. Syiemlieh, â€Å"Contextual Interpretation of The New Testament in Northeast India: A search for Principles and Methods,† in Tribal Theology and The Bible: A Search for Contextual Relevance, edited by Yangkahao Vashum (Jorhat: Eastern Theological College, 2011), 42. [ 25 ]. J. G. Mc Convillle, â€Å"Joshua, Book of,† in the Dictionary for Theological Interpretation of the Bible, et. al. , Kevin. J. Vanhoozer (Michigan: Baker Book House, 2005), 400. [ 26 ]. Laiu Fachhai, The Land Must Be Distributed Equally: The Promise and Covenant Aspects of Land in the Old Testament (ISPCK: Delhi, 2009), 23. [ 27 ]. Walter C.Kaiser, A History of Israel: From the Bronze Age Through The Jewish Wars (USA: Broadman and Hollman Publisher, 1998), 145. [ 28 ]. A. Wati Longchar, â€Å"Tribal Theology: Issues, Method and Perspective,† in Journal of Tribal Studies, vol. 1 (December 1997): 76-80. [ 29 ]. Peter Ignatius, â€Å"Interpretative Theories of Israelite Settlement,† in Jeevadhara: The Struggle for the Past: Historiography Today XXXII/187 (January 2002): 95-106. [ 30 ]. Temsuyanger, â€Å"Israelite Tribal As Resistance And Revolt Against Domination: Some Insights For Coalition Politics In Contemporary India,† in Journal of Tribal Studies, . XII/2 (July-December 2007): 76-88. 31 ]. He was a rather shadowy figure who was worshiped as the â€Å"father of man† and the â€Å"father of year†. A stele unearthed at Ras Sharma showed him seated upon a throne with a hand upraised in blessing, while the ruler of Ugarit presented a gift to him. [ 32 ]. R. K. Harrison, Old Testament Times (Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers, 1970), 162. [ 33 ]. Antonius H. J. Gunneberg, â€Å"Israel,† in Encyclopedia of Christianity, edited by Geoffrey W. Bromiley, Vol. 2 E-I (Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Pub lishing Company, 2001), 769. [ 34 ]. Their offering was the fertility deity Baal, sometimes known as Haddu (Hadad, the god of rain and storm.He succeeded El as the reigning king of the Canaanite pantheon, and lived in the lofty mountainous regions of the remote northern heavens. A stele from ancient Ugarit portrayed him in his role of storm deity. His titles included the epithets Zabul (Lord of the earth) and Aliyn (the one who prevails), the latter being prominent in Ugaritic poetic literature. The theme of the Baal and Anat cycle was that of his struggle with Mot, the deity of misfortune, who had challenged the kingship of Baal. The latter descended to the Underworld realm of Mot, and there was slain.When his death was followed by a seven-year cycle of famine, Anat, the consort of Baal, revenged herself by killing Mot, after which she planted his body in the ground. Aliyn Baal then recovered, and a seven-year period of prosperity ensued, followed once more by the resurgence of Mot . The depraved nature of Canaanite religion is indicated by the character of Anat, the sister-spouse of Baal, who was variously identified with Astarte, Asherah, and Ashtoreth in cultic worship. An Egyptian text of the New kingdom period described Anat and Astarte as â€Å"the great goddesses who conceive but do not bear. The Canaanites evidently regarded their fertility goddesses as combinations of virgins and begetters of life, and they spoke of Anat in her role of sacred prostitute as â€Å"qudshu,† â€Å"the holy one. † This term is somewhat related to the Biblical term for â€Å"holy,† but it is important to realize that among Semitic peoples generally the idea of â€Å"holiness† was applied to anything that had been dedicated to the service of a deity. [ 35 ]. P. E. Satterthwaite and D. W. Baker, â€Å"Nation of Canaan,† in Dictionary of the Old Testament Pentateuch, edited by T. Desmond Alexander and David W.Baker (Illinois: Inter Varsity P ress, 1984), 600-605. [ 36 ]. Walter C. Kaiser, A History of Israel: From the Bronze Age Through The Jewish Wars †¦ 147. [ 37 ]. Lucien Legrand, The Bible on Culture; Belong or Dissenting? (Bangalore: Theological Publications in India, 2001), 6-8. [ 38 ]. Walter C. Kaiser, A History of Israel: From the Bronze Age Through The Jewish Wars †¦ 145. [ 39 ]. Yangkahao Vashum, â€Å"Colonialism, Christian Mission and Indigenous: An Examination from Asian Indigenous,† in Journal of Theologies and Cultures in Asia, Vol. 78 (2008/2009): 75-78. [ 40 ]. A. R.Ceresko, â€Å"Potsherds and Pioneers: Recent Research on the Origin of Israel,† Indian Theological Studies, vol. 34 (1997): 11. [ 41 ]. Awala Longkumer, â€Å"Experience of the Context: Socio-Political, Historical and Cultural Context of the Tribal,† in Critical Issues in Mission Among Tribals, edited by Awala Longkumer (Nagpur: NCCI, 2011), 36-37 [ 42 ]. K. C. Abraham, â€Å"Towards An Indian Christian Iden tity,† in Christian Identity and Cultural Nationalism: Challenges and Opportunities, edited E. C. John Samson Prabhakar (Bangalore: BTESSC/ SATHRI, 2008), 23-29. [ 43 ]. A. Wati Longchar, â€Å"Tribal Theology: Issues, Method and Perspective,† , 76-80.

project management assignment Essay

project management assignment Essay project management assignment Essay Project management Bsc. oil & gas PROJECT GHANA CHERYL HALL ID. NO. 26578 GERRMAINE RICHARDS ID. NO. JAYNE MELROSE OKECHUKWU GODWIN NWOHA Introduction: The rise in carbon emissions and greenhouse gasses into the earth atmosphere is a growing concern for our global world.( A.Kahogirou 2014). As a result of this, many countries around the world have decided to diversify into alternative energy sources, namely solar energy, and other forms of alternative energy. Solar energy is created when solar panels convert sunlight into usable energy; the most common form of solar power utilizes photovoltaic cells to convert sunlight into solar electricity (A.Cota, etal 2009) In this report we will briefly outline our aims and objectives (British Energy Group), and that of our clients (Bio-Green), stakeholder analysis, project objectives, the benefits of this type of project, and the project management miles stones. We the British Energy Group have been commissioned by an American energy company Bio-Green to make and install solar panel in Ghana in the remote village of Apoungo to boast their energy supply; we will be working in conjunction with the Ghana government. The Resource Centre for Energy Economics and Regulation Report 2011 states that Ghana needs to produce 10% more renewable energy by 2020 to be efficient. With regard to energy and electricity consumption and production there is government initiative to promote the use of electricity for pro duction in the cottage industry in Ghana (www.beg.utex.education.com). As there is a link between economic growth and carbon emissions (IEA 2014) wood fuel in Ghana currently stands at 60% and is set to rise to 66 million tonnes by 2020, the total petroleum consumption is currently 33% which is 1.6 million bp/d but will rise to an estimated 4.5 mbp/d by 2020 according to the Ghanaian energy statistics. Miles stone 1 Project objective: The objective of this project is to design, build and install solar panels in Apoungo village in Ghana to provide affordable efficient source of energy, reduce carbon emissions, and to facilitate economic development in this village. To use Bio-green’s innovative technology to minimize Ghana’s power crisis, by providing energy efficient solar panels that is cost effective and affordable. Our panels will help to mitigate the impact of current shortfall that causes intermittent power cuts. Install our panels to bridge the gap between demand and supply and thereby ease the pain of local Ghanaians. We aim to increase the supply of solar power supply which currently stands at around 2% to 3% by the end of the project to increase electricity capacity generation from 400MW to 600MW.(www.stofstrom.org). Kew Elements: The key elements of this project are the solar panels, batteries, inverters, performance monitoring units and utility meters. Project time Frame: The timeframe for this project is 12 months we have mitigated possible delays; therefore we aim to finish the project 2wks ahead of schedule. Start date June 12th 2015 and End date June 12th 2016. Project budget: The British Energy Group has been given a budget of  £500,000.00-  £1000,000.00 to complete this project, with 5% incentive if the project is completed ahead of schedule, we aim to use this as our contingency budget to mitigate delays or shortfall . We aim to enter contractual agreement with suppliers to mitigate delays and failure to meet their obligations. Project Financier: The project is being financed by Bio-green an American energy company. Bio-green is global market leader in the energy sector and aims to use our consultancy expertise to manage to the instillation and build of this project, with access to their field experts and technological know -how, and capital market reach. Mile stone 3 Assignment Brief: Within this project management task we have been asked to identify and research three possible projects; we looked at thee possible projects:- 1 Bio-mas fuel converter: we did a

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Operations Management processes - Assignment Example The effective utilization of TQM can yield positive results which would not only improve the operations but would set higher operating standards. The proposed alternative approach for Pizza Store would be the implementation of Six Sigma Principle in relation to External Benchmarking. This strategy will initiate with DMAIC methodology where customer priorities and Defined which in Mario’s case would be length of the queue, the customers in peak hours, waiting time, order processing time, and the overall service. These are the parameters which are regarded significant by the customers and should be targeted. The second step is to Measure the current processes to pinpoint the defects in the system and highlight the bottlenecks. These concerned areas are critical to the quality of service and needs to be improved (Jacobs, Chase and Aquilano, 2005). Once the gray areas are identified, we need to proceed with Analyzing the reasons behind these defects. We need to find answers to the questions such as, Are we able to cater the customers during peak hours? Where the order processing consumes maximum time? Is the behavior of ou r waiters friendly? The next step is to Improve the concerned areas by identifying the acceptable standards for working to achieve them. Alignment with the highest operating standard to yield desirable result is a tedious process (Jacobs and Chase, 2010). It is needed to be carried out with diligence so that no lacking in standards is observed in any critical area. The existing processes needs to be modified, changed or even re-engineered to reach the desirable level. The last but not the least, Control the array of events otherwise the complete activity would be a useless ordeal. Proper monitoring of the key personnel as well the variables is required to ensure that all is under control. Failing to abide by any of these would simply result in a failure

With reference to relevant academic & practitioner literature, write a Essay

With reference to relevant academic & practitioner literature, write a report on the role of HR in equality & diversity in the work place - Essay Example Therefore, the human resource function is most likely to hold the main responsibility for the individuals planning within an organization as well as policies concerning equality and diversity issues. The HR functions are believed to be the main driver of progressive change regarding equality and diversity issues. Arguably, HR is responsible for fostering and promoting workforce diversity through recruitment and selection processes, training programs and policy development among others. This paper discusses the role of human resource in equality and diversity in the workplace. Diversity plays a significant role in the workplace and it reveals that organizations can greatly benefit from developing and maintaining a more diverse workforce. Diversity in the workplace enables organizations to secure a competitive advantage given that the markets are becoming increasingly global and so it assists organizations to discover opportunities in new customers and products. In addition, it attracts a wider talent pool and assists in understanding the needs of a wider customer base. More so, ensuring that there is equality in the workplace is also a very important as it also helps in determining the success of an organization. It is important to treat individuals equally for an organization to be effective and productive. Therefore, it is very important for equality and diversity to be promoted in an organization so as to have a more diverse and motivated workforce. HR is responsible for ensuring that there is equal opportunity and diversity management in the organizat ion. Equal opportunity is about eliminating any form of discrimination in the workplace, especially during the job recruitment process. On the other hand, diversity management involves cultural transformation of the organization to promote the value workforce diversity. When addressing equality in the workplace, the main focus in on gender, ethnicity, age, and disability among

Organizational Structure Of Nestle Pakistan Marketing Essay

Organizational Structure Of Nestle Pakistan Marketing Essay Now companies are improving their production by adopting different strategies in which backward integration is one of them. Backward Integration is a type of vertical integration in which a company gets control over its suppliers to improve the efficiency and save the cost which improves its profit margins and make the firm more competitive. Backward integration occurs through acquiring input suppliers, establishing long-term contracts with existing suppliers or investing in new input production capacity through internal corporate growth. The main advantages of backward integration regardless of the industry are decreased marketing expenses, the stability of operations, the certainty of supplies of materials, much control on the distribution of products, tighter quality control, the on time review of fabrication and allocation policies, more control over inventory, and additional profit margins or the ability to charge lower prices on final products. These advantages must be weighed against the disadvantages which normally are disparities among productive capacities at a range of stages of manufacturing, governmental pressure, lack in interest of specialty, the firmness of operations, the extension of the management team and lack of direct competitive influence on the costs of transitional products. Background: This report highlights the comparison of two companies from Pakistan Food Industry the ENGRO FOODS and NESTLE PAKISTAN, which are applying backward integration to enhance their production capability. In Pakistan these are the top most companies which are playing a vital role in the food industry through their dairy and beverage products. Nestle is a subsidiary of Swiss origin company which headquarter is located in vevey, Switzerland. Nestle Pakistan started its operations in 1988 with the collaboration of Milk Pak Ltd in Pakistan which is further took over total control in 1992. In Pakistan, its head quarter is located in Lahore and the company currently operating four production facilities. Two of its factories are located in sheikhupura and Kabirwala while one in Islamabad and one in Karachi. It has also the biggest milk collection operation in Pakistan through which they collects milk from an estimated 190,000 farmers and from their dairy farms located in different areas of Pakistan. Nestle Pakistan is currently the leading food beverage company of Pakistan. While Engro food is another biggest and fastest growing company in Pakistan. In 2005 Engro Foods limited was established and it is 100% owned by Engro Corporation. Engro Foods limited began their operations in 2006 and within 5 years they make realization to their competitor by increasing their market share gradually. At the end of 2010 Engro Foods Limited took control in the market of Ultra High Temperature by launching new products including ice cream, juices, powder milk and flavoured milk which contain great potential to compete in future. The Company is also entering into global markets. Its first mission is that to administer a Halal food business in North America known as Al-Safa, which was recently acquired by Engro Corporation at a total cost of 6.3 mn dollars. INDUSTRY OVERVIEW Recently a seminar Current Status of Foods Industry in Pakistan: Threats and Challenges was held at Lahore on September 07, 2012 in which different analysts of PCSIR and Federal Minister of Science and Technology addresses that food industry in Pakistan has become the second largest industry by participating with 17% share in GDP and in Pakistan it is now become most consuming industry because people spent 42% of their earnings in foods products. And at the end of the session some analysts point out weak point of the food industry that the in appropriate management of food products and the large harvest losses in vegetables, fruits and grain create a food shortage in market. There are several sectors of food industry while some are given below which are related to the project report, we will mainly focus on these. These sectors are as follows: Dairy Juices Ice creams 2.1 Dairy Dairy sector is one of the most important sectors of Pakistan which affects more than 10 mn families. There are a lot of companies in Pakistan who are purchasing milk from farmers for their satisfaction. The dairy industry is providing packed milk to its consumers in the shape of UHT, Pasteurized, Tea Whitener and Flavored milk. The industry is also producing Ice Cream, Yoghurt, Cheese, Butter and miscellaneous food items for childrens.   Milk is the most consumable food item having a life of 4 hours under at a certain temperature level of room. Pakistan is 3rd leading milk producing country in the world with more than 47 billion litters production and 11.30% contribution in GDP and a milk economy that in value terms is 27.7% of the total agriculture sector. According to analysts the milk production is expected to grow at 2% annually, however the processed industry is only 7% of operated milk. The milk, remaining wastages and farmer preservation is 20.7 bn liters of which 1.4 bn goes into processing and the rest is sold as a commodity in retail outlets and through door to door Gawala system. So, there is an immense prospect and +prospective to grow the processed milk business. The processed milk has segmented into three categories namely: Ambient UHT Powder 2.1.1 Ambient UHT As of 2010, Ambient UHT constitutes only 4% of the total Tradable Milk segment. Industry volumes have grown 10% from 2006-2010 and the market size was 790 million liters as of December 2010. 2.1.2 Powder Currently, the size of the branded powder market is approximately 57,000 tons, which uses approximately 540 mn liters of milk and 3% of tradable milk. Powder market size has grown 17% from 2006 to 2010 and it is expected to grow 14% in the next five years due to economy that powder offers as well as its specialize use as growing up and infant nutrition source. Nestle Pakistan is the market leader in this segment. 2.2 Juices The Juices, Nectars and Still drinks market are of 507 Million Liters which has total market value of PKR 31 Billion. This market is subdivided into Juice and Nectar and Value added Still Drinks. Juices contain 100% fruit substance, Nectar contain 25% to 99% fruit substance while still drinks contain 0 to 24 % fruit substance value added still drinks have innovative packaging or addition of pulp etc. Nestle Pakistan is the market leader in this segment. 2.3 Ice Cream The Ice Cream sector of Pakistan has growing constantly and registers a volume growth of 20% in 2010 as compare to 2009. The overall volume of ice cream sold in 2010 was 71 Million liters while the total market value was PKR 8.8 billion. The industry volumes have grown 11% over the last four years. However, it is expected that growth will be higher in next five years on the back of significant investment by the industrys key players. Walls are the market leader in this industry which is followed by Omore. COMPANIES PROFILE 3.1 Engro Foods Engro Corporation Limited initially introduced with Engro Chemical Pakistan which rapidly built their growth in chemical industry and after few years Engro Chemical become Engro Corporation Limited by making diversified investment in different sector like Foods, Energy, Fertilizer and Business solutions. It started operations in 1957 as an Esso/Mobil joint venture which discovered the Mari Gas field near Daharki. Engro food is now becoming the biggest and fastest growing company in Pakistan. From the beginning till date Engro Foods Limited 100% owned supplementary company of Engro Corporation. Engro Foods Limited operations began in the year of 2006 and within 5 years company started to climb the ladder of growth rapidly. It has manage to be the market leaders in Ultra High Temperature (UHT) Industry at the end of 2010 and has launched multiple new products including Ice Cream, Flavoured Milk, Fruit Juices and Milk Powders, that show great potential for future. In order to back these products and to achieve high quality standards Engro Foods Limited made backward integration strategy in which they heavily invested in milk processing and collection infrastructure. The Company has innovated by venturing out of the dairy sector and stepping in the Beverage Industry by launching Olfrute and ice cream industry by launching Omore. The Company is also entering into the global markets. Its first mission is to manage a Halal food business in North America known as Al-Safa, which was recently acquired by Engro Corporation at a total outlay of 6.3 mn dollars. PRODUCTION FACILITIES Dairy Plants Engro Foods has two UHT processing plants which are located in Sukkur and Sahiwal with total filling capacity of 1.1 million liter per day. Sukkur Plant capacity is 400,000 liter per day whereas Sahiwal plant facility is 700,000 liter per day. Engro Foods also has a powder plant at Sukkur with a capacity of 24 tons per day. Covered area of freehold land of Sukkur is 27 acres and Sahiwal production facility is 33 acres freehold land. These production sites are equipped with plant and machinery of European origin. Sukkur Production site started its operation in Feb 2006, whereas Sahiwal plant started its operation in December 2007. Ice Cream Plant The ice cream plant was set up in the same facility as the Dairy Plant. The total manufacturing capability of Sahiwal is 33 acres of free holding land. This provides deliberate advantage to the Company in terms of the supply of raw material, the utilities, and manpower and warehousing. The ice cream plant has total capacity of 22 million liters per annum. Organizational Structure of Engro Foods: President/CEO Secretary Secretary Vice President Manufacturing Vice President Marketing Manager Public Affair Manager Internal Audit Special Projects Vice President HR Vice President HR Compensation Benefits Sales Production Accounting Recruitment Planning development Maintenance Treasury Training development Technical Services Process Engineering Industrial Trade Instrumental/Fleet Purchasing Administration Legal Brands of Engro Foods: The product portfolio of Engro Foods comprises some of the countrys biggest and best selling brands which include: Olpers Olpers Lite Olfrute Omore Omung Omung Lassi Tarang. 3.2 Nestle Pakistan Nestle is basically a Swiss company and their head office is situated in Vevey, Switzerland. And Nestle Pakistan is one of it supplementary company. Since 1988 Nestle Pakistan is working with the alliance of Milk Pak Ltd and within short time period Nestle Pakistan took over Milk Pak Ltd. It is also listed in Karachi and Lahore Stock Exchange. Nestle Pakistan is one of the most prominent company which ensures it place among top 25 companies who are registered at Karachi stock exchange for last couple of years. The Headquarter of Nestle is located in Lahore and the Company operates four fabrication facilities. In which the factories located in Sheikhupura and Kabirwala are producing different products under same umbrella. The other factory is present in Islamabad and one in Karachi produce packed water. Nestle Pakistan now operates the biggest milk collection process in Pakistan. At present, Nestle Pakistan gathers milk from a projected 190,000 farmers. At present Nestle is market leader in dairy and beverage industry of Pakistan because they are very keenly focusing on Nutrition and health by covering almost at all locations throughout Pakistan to serve the consumers. Nestle Pakistan distinct feature is that they are the leaders in Nutrition. PRODUCTION FACILITIES Sheikhupura Factory The factory located at sheikhpura produces many most popular products s of Nestle Pakistan such as  Milkpak UHT milk, Nevista  products,  Nestle pure water,  Cerelac and yogurt. The factory starts operation as part of Milkpak Ltd in 1981. Formerly it produced only UHT milk but in 1988 it had expanded to produce butter, cream, ghee and fruit drinks as well. But with the passage of time Nido powder milk also started to produce in this factory. Kabirwala Factory Milk Pak took over this factory which is located in Khanewal district of the Punjab in 1990. In 1997 Nestle Pakistan got 100% share of that unit.  After acquiring it Nestle upgraded its capacity and in 1992 they added Maggi Noodle  plant to the factory. Over the years past the Kabirwala factory was constantly enhanced as Everyday  tea whitening powder was introduced in 2002 . Islamabad Factory In Islamabad Nestle purchased the AVA water plant in year 2001. And in 2003 Nestle fully owned that unit. Gradually Nestle upgraded and introduced machineries to become more efficient in production through which they was able to provide differentiated products to their consumer with good packaging. Organizational Structure of Nestle Pakistan: Chief Executive Water Group Corporate Affairs Human Resource Supply Chain Milk Collection Agriculture Services Nestle Business Excellence Technical Operations Finance Control Unit Marketing and Sales Division National Sales Management Legal Affairs Technical Purchasing Financial Accounting Corporate purchase Treasury National Brand Management Budget Control Information System Taxation Brands of Nestle Pakistan: Nestle Pakistan has a lot of top most brands of Pakistan which added a lot of value to Nestle Pakistan over a last couple of years like: Milkpak Nevista Nido Everyday Milkpak Cream Nestle Desert cream Nestle yogurt Nestle fruit vitals Nestle Zeera Raita Actiplus Yogurt Nestle Rawaiti Maza Nestle Milo Nestle Nescafe 4. FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION OF ORGANIZATIONS (BACKWARD INTEGRATION) Nestle Pakistan and Engro Foods are currently doing backward integration to enhance their production efficiency by creating their own dairy farms and taking control of transportation. Currently they are focusing of creating their own farms to get control over their suppliers. Both the companies are also now directly approaching to the farmers and collecting milk form them as the old concept of middle man and gawala system has start perishing. The main advantage of creating own farms is that both the companies get on time delivery of their material, which help them to enhance their production and deliver their product on time to the end consumers. The details of Engro Foods and Nestle Pakistan farms are given below: 4.1 Engro Foods Dairy Farm Engro Food has selected the Nara Canal due to the presence of its outstanding water, farming land availability and suitable weather for its Dairy Farm. The company has launched a comprehensive vaccination programme with the provision of clean water and balanced nutrition to have infection free, strong and happy animals at all times. The Companys Nara Dairy Farm continued to remain a rich and nutritious source of raw material for its dairy section. The Nara Farm formed over 5.8 mn liters of milk in 2011 with a total herd size of over 3,000 animals. But in 2012, Dairy Farm produced 26,979 liters of milk per day. At March 31, 2012 Dairy Farm herd increased to 3,204 animals. Through it the profit after tax stood at Rs. 5 million versus loss of Rs. 19 million in March 2011, primarily due to higher yield and production. 4.2 Nestle Dairy Farms Nestle Pakistan manages the project under its Agricultural Division. Over 75 professionals are currently associated with these services; intend to help in  increasing the sustainability of the dairy segment in Pakistan. They give the farmers with free technical assistance and veterinary services to build the skills of the farmers in best farming practices and improved livestock management and link them to small businesses and to the dairy market. For this purpose,Nestle has built two demonstrations and teaching  farms, one of which is still under process. The main training facility is the Sarsabz Demonstration and Training  Farm  which  is located on Multan Road, near Okara. The  second training Sukeki Farm,  is under in building process near Lahore. At the farm, there are more than 250 cows, animal huts,  milking machinery, a teaching centre, and hostel for  the farmers, management office and necessary farm equipment and highly qualified instructors  who train farmers on high quality dairy farming and livestock management. Nestle Pakistan has established this training facility over 103 acres of leased land as an investment for the development of  the dairy sector and to  work towards  sustainable farming and an improved rural economy. 5. LITERATURE REVIEW The concept of vertical integration is very old and we saw a lot of academic and legal debates over the costs and benefits of vertical integration. McGee, Bassett and Williamson (1975, 1985, 1989) said that vertical integration is a mean of reducing transactions costs, assuring supply, reducing risk and alleviating the efficiency losses. But on the other side, economists see vertical integration as a means for firms to reduce competition or extract market rents (Scherer, Perry 1978, 1989).Perry, Hart and Tirole (1978), said that most discussions have focused on the effects of forward integration into a competitive product market and little work exists on the effects of backward integration into a competitive input market. However, Knoeber and Thurman (1996) further said that backward integration is of growing importance in many agricultural and natural resource industries. According to Azzam (1996), backward integration occurs through acquiring input suppliers, establishing long-term contracts with existing suppliers or investing in new input production capacity through internal company growth. In some businesses, there is growing concern about the effects of such integration on remaining un- integrated input suppliers. First he said that backward-integrated dominant firm benefits from production efficiency gains. Second he further adds that backward-integrated dominant firm may benefit from a lower acquisition price for externally supplied raw inputs. As per Blois (1972), the biggest advantages of backward integration are to lower down transportation and marketing expense, production or operation stability, timely supplier services, high quality control, necessary revisions in production and execution policies, maintained inventory control, and high profit margin able produces to charge lower prices on finished products. While Williamson (1971) do not consider supply dependability as a necessary advantage and point out the interests harmonization and efficient utilization in process of decision making as the core advantages of backward integration. As per Williamson (1971), backward integration allows management to easily harmonized interest as possible differences can be resigned. As per Lambertini and Rossini (2008), backward vertical integration is indirectly proportional to producers and suppliers. As compare to forward vertical integration, backward vertical integration provides large incentives in investment to the manufacturer. The biggest disadvantage of backward integration for trader is that it discourages them for innovation, on the other hand forward integration discourages producers to innovate. This theory is not parallel to transaction cost theory which does not consider forward and backward integration as a separate concept. Many researchers like Armour, Teece, Langlois, Robertson, Gopala Krishnan, Bierly (1980, 1989, 1992, 1996, and 2001) have stated that vertical integration facilitates the development and implementation of systemic innovations. Further, Armour and Teece (1980) argue that if the innovation at one stage involves adaptation in a preceding or a consequent stage, then the usual ownership of the various stages i.e. vertical integration enables the necessary adaptations and adjustments to be made in a timely and efficient fashion. Similarly Langlois, Robertson (1989) and Langlois (1992) propose that vertical integration is the most appropriate organizational structure for integrative systemic process innovations because the necessary learning and experience proceed faster between functions in a vertically integrated environment. Furthermore, Teece (1996) explains that vertical integration enables the successful development and implementation of systemic innovations by facilitating information flows and coordination and removing institutional barriers such as cost and benefit allocation. Similarly, Gopal krishnan and Bierly (2001) point out that open exchange of information is easier and safer in house than between different organizations because each firm wants to gain more from the innovation and therefore unwilling to share information freely. Teece (1996) however adds that while systemic innovations favour vertically integrated structures from the coordination point of view and some relevant technological or other capabilities needed in the development and implementation of the innovation may exist outside of the vertically integrated firm. Therefore, larger firms may still have an advantage by using their scale to create sufficient momentum and attract smaller firms to get involved with the innovation or simply by being able to secure minority investment positions in smaller firms that have the necessary capabilities needed in the innovation. 6. ANAYSIS 6.1Swot Analysis Strengths Of Engro Foods Strengths of Nestle Pakistan Brand Association: Engro being a renowned and well established brand in fertilizers, infrastructure and IT solutions, it creates a great brand association and consumers can relate to Olpers as a high quality and premium product. This is evidence that Engro Food in its first year crossed 1.4 billion sales figure. Financial Backing: Engro being renowned brand and can attract foreign investors, which enable them to compete with global brands like Nestle. They can afford high costs for research and developments for their current products and in introducing new products. Strategic Relationship: Engro has been creating business relationship with farmers who supply milk to them which enables them to secure the supply and to solve shortage issues. Engro also has created long-term business relationship with distributors this help them to ensure smooth distribution through better channels to make sure that there are no shortages for their product. Research and Development: Engro for Olpers precisely has done strong consumer and product research before launching the product and are continuing this practice post launch. This has helped them to emerge as a strong brand in food industry. To further development and new products, they have engaged various global research partners Mindshare, AC Nielsen, JWT Asiatic and MARS marketing and advertising agency. State of the Art plants: Only Engro Foods has the 3rd generation UHT milk plant in the country. It is the only plant that uses Bactofuge technology to virtually eliminate bacteria and ensure premium quality and hygiene. Parent Company: Nestle has a global presence and is recognized as a huge name worldwide. Nestle Pakistan has a strong support from its parent company, which is the worlds leading processed food and beverage company. Company Image: Nestle has been doing business since many years. It has created an excellent image and reputation in consumers mind all around the world. This helps them to retain market even in unfavorable conditions. High Quality Products: Nestle always ensure to produce good quality products. Nestle being worldwide renowned company creates high quality product to retain that image and to attain consumer loyalty. It cannot compromise on quality as consumers nowadays are more quality conscious. Market Share: Nestle has the highest market share almost in every SBUs line, like as in Milk pack Nestle pure life. Brand strength: Nestle Pakistan has created some very strong brands like Nescafe, Milpak , Everyday, Nestle water and most of these brands have become generic to their product category. When a brand becomes generic it creates a strong presence in minds of consumer. Research Development Team: Research and development is a continuous process at Nestle. It gives updated info on consumer behaviors, changing trends and consumer demands; this helps Nestle to adapt to changing trends. Weakness of Engro Foods Weakness of Nestle Pakistan Packaging: Engro Food is dependent on Tetra Pak for packaging of its entire dairy products. It is the only option for them as Tetra pack has monopoly in packaging sector. This cause higher production costs. Distribution cost: About 85% milk collection centers of Engro Foods are located in Punjab, and its processing facility is in Sind. This huge distance increase distribution cost and increasing overall cost of production. Also it increases the chances of milk getting spoiled due to long travelling time. Narrow Product Line: Since the launch of its first dairy product, Engro Foods has only extended to very few products, where as its competitors like Nestle has diversified and extensive product lines. Owning Red Color: Engro Food like its competitors has not owned colors that identify its products. Colors represent products, like green represents Milkpak. There is no color connection attached to Olpers which creates problems for consumers in remembering the product. Less Proactive: Nestle being a huge company is very less proactive to the demands. Unless competitors initiate a campaign or come up with new strategy, Nestle does not bring changes. Limited Distribution Channel: A major weakness of Nestle is their limited distribution channel as compared to their competitors. Nestle distribute their products to whole sellers in their own factory vehicles. Stock outs: Due to their in-efficient distribution channels, Nestle has experienced stock outs on regular basis. This had adverse effect on companys image and consumer base. It also gives opportunity for competitor to penetrate into market and capture large market share.   Premium Brand: Common men generally perceive Nestle as a premium brand, and have perception that all Nestle products would be highly expensive. Opportunities for Engro Food Opportunities for Nestle Pakistan Government Funding: Government has provided increased funds to farmers. This has allowed farmers to invest in better storage facilities to save milk for longer period of time and to cope bad weather conditions. Awareness: Extensive awareness programs for health and hygiene has created awareness among consumers for the benefits of processed milk. More and more consumers are shifting from loose milk to processed milk. This will create higher demands and consumption of processed milk. This is a great opportunity for growth and to gain more market. Fifth Largest producer of milk: Pakistan is the 5th largest milk production country in the world, the country is blessed four seasons and high quality crop, good species of buffaloes and cows and largest canal system. However it is only obtaining 2500ltr of milk per annum from an animal in comparison with 18000ltr per animal in developed countries. This is a good opportunity to increase production significantly by adopting best practices and modern techniques. Support from Foreign Investors; Government is supporting overseas outlay in Pakistan which is a great opportunity for Nestle to expand its business in Pakistan and to cater large markets. Enhance Distribution Channel: Nestle should work on its distribution channel to make it efficient in order to maintain supply of their products. This will not allow consumer to shift to competitors brand in case of stock outs. Changing Social Trend: Consumers, especially younger generation are hugely influenced by western societies. This has changed the trends for packed ready to use products. This changing social trend has created large demand and opportunity to increase market share. Best Practices and Assistance; Nestle should invest in educating the farmers for best practices and providing them resources and assistance to create greater value and to ensure high capitalization and quality. Threats for Engro Food Threats for Nestle Pakistan Competition: Engro foods biggest competitors like Nestle has been in market since very long. For its brands it might be difficult to penetrate in the market where these brands have created loyalties and presence in mind of consumers. Perceptions and Price Differentials: Consumer preferences and perceptions plays very important role in success of a brand. It is very important for Engro to understand and come up with ways to meet consumer expectations and provide quality that a brand promises. Price factor is also a very important factor, as still consumers prefer loose milk as it is cheaper than processed milk. Economy: Higher inflation rates is eroding buying power of consumers, making products more expensive to use. No Entry Barrier: Industry is growing at rapid rate,  very low entry barriers making it attractive for new competitors. Dependency: Nestle is dependent on whole sellers and super market shelves which can be influenced by the competitors. Loss of Market Share: When the market drenches the loss of the market share of Nestle products is the major threat to them. Differentiated products: Consumers are indifferent to buying Engro products or Nestle. It is a threat to Nestle that consumers can easily shift to Engro products in case of any unfavorable condition. 6.2 Pest Analysis PEST analysis is used to determine and understand external factors such as Political, Economical, Social and technological, and their effect on business. For understanding Nestle and Engro foods position in market, we will carry out PEST analysis to understand the external forces. 6.2.1 Political, Legal Economic Factors Pakistan current fiscal year inflation rate has been grown to 7.7% which decreases the purchasing power of consumers as a whole and which also create higher impact on those products which transform from another products like packed milk powder milk because these is